Setsuyōshū 節用集
Überblick
In der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts bildete sich in Japan ein neues Wörterbuch-Genre heraus, welches den NutzerInnen ermöglichte, die korrekte Schreibweise von japanischen und sino-japanischen Begriffen in chinesischen Schriftzeichen (kanji 漢字) zu ermitteln. Dies geschah über eine Einteilung der Lemmata nach phonetischen und semantischen Kriterien, wodurch es sich deutlich von solchen Schriftzeichenlexika unterschied, welchen das Prinzip der Radikalbestimmung zugrunde lag. In einem ersten Schritt wurden die Einträge zunächst entsprechend ihrer Anfangssilbe in Rubriken (bu) nach der Reihenfolge der Silben des iroha Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Appendices with very different kinds of texts or images, added as supplementary information to the vocabulary. Appendices are placed before (kanshu furoku 巻首付録 / kantō furoku 巻頭付録) or after (kanbi furoku 巻尾付録 / kanmatsu furoku 巻末付録) the vocabulary, sometimes even above the vocabulary in an additional header (kashiragaki furoku 頭書付録).
Traditional order of the 47 syllables of the Japanese syllabary. The name iroha is derived from the first three syllables at the beginning.
Der Ursprung des Genres
Über die Ursprünge des Wörterbuch-Genres der setsuyōshū Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Handwritten setsuyōshū from the 15th and 16th century. The term has been used to distinguish manually copied setsuyōshū from printed setsuyōshū since the 17th century. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Oldest extant setsuyōshū from Bunmei 6 (1474). The original title is: “The Book of Mixed Word Groups” (Zatsu jiruisho 雑字類書). The vocabulary of this handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 16 topics (mon). It is the oldest manuscript of the so-called isebon tradition. The editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the oldest extant setsuyōshū, written in Meiō 5 (1496). The vocabulary of this early handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 13 topics (mon). It belongs to the isebon tradition; the editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture). “Collection from I to Kyō [as in Kyōto]”, presumably written at the end of the 15th century. This setsuyōshū, one the oldest handwritten manuscripts in existence, is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 13 topics (mon). It belongs to the isebon tradition, the editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture).
Die Bezeichnung des Genres
Gegenwärtig existieren verschiedene Theorien, woher sich der Name setsuyōshū Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria.
„Um ein Großreich mit tausend [Streit-]Wagen zu führen, muss man bei den [Staats-]Geschäften aufmerksam und aufrichtig sein, sparsam bei den Ausgaben vorgehen [setsuyō 節用] und sich um die Menschen fürsorglich kümmern [...].“
Eine weitere Theorie geht davon aus, dass der Begriff auf den „Klassiker der kindlichen Pietät“ (Kōkyō 孝経) zurückzuführen ist. Dort heißt es im sechsten Abschnitt über die einfachen Menschen (shojin 庶人):
„Sie folgen dem Weg des Himmels und unterscheiden die Vorteile der [unterschiedlichen] Böden [zum Bestellen der Felder]. Sie achten auf ihr Verhalten und Benehmen und sind sparsam in ihren Ausgaben [setsuyō 節用], damit sie ihre Eltern [entsprechend] versorgen können [...].“
Gemein ist diesen beiden Deutungsansätzen, dass der Begriff setsuyō mit dem Aspekt der Sparsamkeit in Verbindung gebracht wird, was wiederum gut zur Zielsetzung des Genres – dem zeitsparenden Ermitteln der Schreibung von Wörtern – passt. Andere Deutungsansätze, welche anhand abweichender Quellen mit dem Begriff setsuyō die „gelegentliche Nutzung“ in Verbindung bringen, existieren ebenfalls, sind in der Wissenschaft jedoch nicht sehr weit verbreitet.
Die drei großen Tradierungslinien
Dem ersten Eintrag eines Wörterbuchs wird aufgrund seiner prominenten Position stets eine besondere Bedeutung beigemessen. Dies trifft auch auf das Genre der setsuyōshū Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Handwritten setsuyōshū from the 15th and 16th century. The term has been used to distinguish manually copied setsuyōshū from printed setsuyōshū since the 17th century. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon).
- isebonisebon伊勢本, beginnen mit dem Eintrag „Ise“ (Ise 伊勢)
One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture).
- indobonindobon印度本印度本, beginnen mit dem Eintrag „Indien“ (Indo 印度)
One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Indo 印度 (India).
- inuiboninuibon乾本乾本, beginnen mit dem Eintrag „Nordwesten“ (inui 乾)
One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma inui 乾 (northwest).
Die Tradierungslinie der isebon wird im Allgemeinen auf Werke wie das Bunmeibon setsuyōshū Oldest extant setsuyōshū from Bunmei 6 (1474). The original title is: “The Book of Mixed Word Groups” (Zatsu jiruisho 雑字類書). The vocabulary of this handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 16 topics (mon). It is the oldest manuscript of the so-called isebon tradition. The editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture). One of the oldest extant setsuyōshū, presumably written at the end of the 15th / beginning of the 16th century. The vocabulary of this early handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 12 topics (mon). It belongs to the indobon tradition; the editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Indo 印度 (India). Appendices with very different kinds of texts or images, added as supplementary information to the vocabulary. Appendices are placed before (kanshu furoku 巻首付録 / kantō furoku 巻頭付録) or after (kanbi furoku 巻尾付録 / kanmatsu furoku 巻末付録) the vocabulary, sometimes even above the vocabulary in an additional header (kashiragaki furoku 頭書付録). Title of a setsuyōshū, printed in Keichō 2 (1597) in 2 volumes. As the revisor’s name, Ekirin (dates unknown), is printed on the last page of volume two, this setsuyōshū is generally referred to as Ekirinbon. Its vocabulary is organized in 47 rubrics (bu) and 14 topics (mon). This is the first work of the so-called inuibon tradition. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma inui 乾 (northwest).
Die genaue Genealogie dieser drei Tradierungslinien ist indessen bis heute nicht hinreichend ergründet worden. Neben Deutungsansätzen, welche die Auswahl der Anfangslemmata allein auf formale Aspekte wie die benannte Auslagerung von Provinznamen in eigene Appendizes oder die phonetische Unterscheidung des Minimalpaars i い und wi ゐ zurückführen, existieren Erklärungen, die eine Art bewusste Entscheidung zugunsten bestimmter religiöser Schulen sehen möchten. Hier wird der Eintrag Ise mit dem Shintō, der Eintrag Indo mit dem Buddhismus und der Eintrag inui mit dem Onmyōdō in Verbindung gebracht. Festzuhalten ist jedoch, dass in späteren Jahren insbesondere die Linie der inuibon einen großen Verbreitungsgrad besaß.
Nichtsdestotrotz gab es immer wieder auch Ausnahmen, bei denen das erste Lemma weder Ise, noch Indo oder inui lautete – beispielsweise die „Zeitsparende Sammlung für den Mann“ (Otoko setsuyōshū 男節用集) aus dem Jahr Kyōhō 1 (1716) mit „Yin und Yang“ (in’yō 陰陽) als erstem Eintrag. Insbesondere mit dem Erscheinen der „Sammlung zum zeitsparenden Gebrauch mit Schnellsuche“ (Hayabiki setsuyōshū “Quick Lookup Collection for Timesaving Use”, published in Hōreki 2 (1752). This is the first setsuyōshū that phonetically organizes the lemmas on a first level according to the iroha-syllabary and systematically on a second level according to the number of syllables in increasing order. Many setsuyōshū used the same kind of lemma classification; they are usually referred to as hayabiki setsuyōshū. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon).
Traditional order of the 47 syllables of the Japanese syllabary. The name iroha is derived from the first three syllables at the beginning.
Die Rubriken (bu 部)
Eines der zentralen Ordnungskriterien des Wörterbuch-Genres der setsuyōshū stellt die primäre Einteilung der Lemmata nach dem iroha “Extracts of Word Groups According to the Iroha”, written by Tachibana Tadakane 橘忠兼 (dates unknown) in the 12th century. This dictionary is organized in 47 rubrics (bu) and 21 topics (mon). It is considered a precursor of the first setsuyōshū (15th century). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Handwritten setsuyōshū from the 15th and 16th century. The term has been used to distinguish manually copied setsuyōshū from printed setsuyōshū since the 17th century. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Oldest extant setsuyōshū from Bunmei 6 (1474). The original title is: “The Book of Mixed Word Groups” (Zatsu jiruisho 雑字類書). The vocabulary of this handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 16 topics (mon). It is the oldest manuscript of the so-called isebon tradition. The editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture).
Traditional order of the 47 syllables of the Japanese syllabary. The name iroha is derived from the first three syllables at the beginning.
Auch wenn ein Großteil der späteren gedruckten setsuyōshū ähnlich verfährt und stets auf jeweils eine Silbe der genannten Minimalpaare verzichtet, heißt das jedoch nicht, dass alle bekannten setsuyōshū letztlich nur 44 Rubriken aufweisen. Ganz im Gegenteil, das Ekirinbon setsuyōshū Title of a setsuyōshū, printed in Keichō 2 (1597) in 2 volumes. As the revisor’s name, Ekirin (dates unknown), is printed on the last page of volume two, this setsuyōshū is generally referred to as Ekirinbon. Its vocabulary is organized in 47 rubrics (bu) and 14 topics (mon). This is the first work of the so-called inuibon tradition. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma inui 乾 (northwest).
Die Themenfelder (mon 門)
Neben der Anordnung der Worteinträge nach phonetischen Kriterien in sogenannte Rubriken (bu) bildet auch die systematische Gruppierung von Worteinträgen nach semantischen Kriterien (imi bunrui 意味分類/igi bunrui 意義分類) in sogenannte Themenfelder (mon Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Handwritten setsuyōshū from the 15th and 16th century. The term has been used to distinguish manually copied setsuyōshū from printed setsuyōshū since the 17th century. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). “Extracts of Word Groups According to the Iroha”, written by Tachibana Tadakane 橘忠兼 (dates unknown) in the 12th century. This dictionary is organized in 47 rubrics (bu) and 21 topics (mon). It is considered a precursor of the first setsuyōshū (15th century). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria.
Mit dem Aufkommen der ersten gedruckten setsuyōshū erfolgt schließlich eine zunehmende Systematisierung dieser semantischen Kategorien bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung ihrer Anzahl. So weisen die kohon setsuyōshū im Durchschnitt nur noch 10 bis 16 Themenfelder auf, wobei sich schon damals ein festes Repertoire zu etablieren begann, das auch die Werke der späteren Jahre maßgeblich beeinflusste. Themenfelder, die sich bereits in den kohon setsuyōshū finden und in den nächsten vier Jahrhunderten größtenteils unverändert übernommen wurden, sind: „Himmlisches und Irdisches“ (tenchi 天地 bzw. kenkon 乾坤), „Jahreszeiten und Festlichkeiten“ (jisetsu 時節 bzw. jikō 時候), „Gräser und Bäume“ (sōmoku 草木), „Tiere und andere Lebewesen“ (chikurui 畜類 bzw. kigyō 気形), „Gefäße und Utensilien“ (zaihō 財宝 bzw. kizai 器財), „Hofämter und Ränge“ (kanmei 官名 bzw. kan’i 官位), „Zahlen und Maßeinheiten“ (suryō 数量) sowie „Worte und Ausdrücke“ (gengo 言語 bzw. genji 言辞). Andere Themenfelder wie „menschliche Beziehungen“ (jinrin 人倫) und „Personenbezeichnungen“ (jinmei 人名) oder „Lebensmittel“ (shokumotsu 食物) und „Kleidung“ (ifuku 衣服) wurden später häufig zu einem Themenfeld zusammengefasst und wieder andere wie „Arzneibezeichnungen“ (yakumei 薬名) und „Farben“ (kōsai 光彩) verschwanden gänzlich, da man sie in andere Bereiche eingliederte.
Wie in Bezug auf viele Aspekte der setsuyōshū können letztlich jedoch auch hinsichtlich der historischen Entwicklung der Themenfelder keine pauschalen Angaben gemacht werden. Beispielsweise wurden die Worteinträge in der „Zeitsparenden Sammlungen gleicher Wortgruppen“ (Gōrui setsuyōshū “Timesaving Collection Arranged in Groups of Similar Words”, published in Enpō 8 (1680). This is the first setsuyōshū that organizes the lemmas on a first level according to semantic criteria in topics (mon), and then on a second level according to phonological criteria in rubrics (bu). In fact, only a dozen setsuyōshū used the same kind of lemma classification; they are usually referred to as gōrui setsuyōshū. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. “Quick Lookup Collection for Timesaving Use”, published in Hōreki 2 (1752). This is the first setsuyōshū that phonetically organizes the lemmas on a first level according to the iroha-syllabary and systematically on a second level according to the number of syllables in increasing order. Many setsuyōshū used the same kind of lemma classification; they are usually referred to as hayabiki setsuyōshū. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon).
Traditional order of the 47 syllables of the Japanese syllabary. The name iroha is derived from the first three syllables at the beginning.
Die Appendizes (furoku 付録)
Auch wenn setsuyōshū Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. Appendices with very different kinds of texts or images, added as supplementary information to the vocabulary. Appendices are placed before (kanshu furoku 巻首付録 / kantō furoku 巻頭付録) or after (kanbi furoku 巻尾付録 / kanmatsu furoku 巻末付録) the vocabulary, sometimes even above the vocabulary in an additional header (kashiragaki furoku 頭書付録).
Die frühesten belegbaren furoku eines setsuyōshū gehen auf das Bunmeibon setsuyōshū Oldest extant setsuyōshū from Bunmei 6 (1474). The original title is: “The Book of Mixed Word Groups” (Zatsu jiruisho 雑字類書). The vocabulary of this handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 16 topics (mon). It is the oldest manuscript of the so-called isebon tradition. The editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture).
Viele der genannten Appendizes des ersten nachweisbaren Exemplars des Genres setsuyōshū finden sich auch in den späteren handschriftlich verfassten Werken wieder. Hinzu kommen weitere typische Appendizes wie die zehn Kalenderzeichen (jikkan 十干) oder die zwölf Tierkreiszeichen (jūnishi 十二支), die sich auch in den gedruckten Werken seit dem Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts fast ausnahmslos finden. Vor allem die Quer- und Längsstraßennamen Kyōtos können als unverzichtbarer Teil eines jeden setsuyōshū genannt werden, bilden sie doch meist das Ende des Lexikonteils, der nicht gemäß des iroha-Silbenalphabets mit der Rubrik „Su“ す, sondern mit der Rubrik „Kyō“ 京 schließt. Mit dem Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts ist schließlich eine zunehmende Diversifizierung der Appendizes zu beobachten, die auf mehrere Gründe zurückgeführt werden kann. Zum einen ermöglichte der nun standardmäßig verwendete Holzblockdruck, auch aufwendigere furoku wie Stadtpläne oder Landkarten aufzunehmen und in hoher Anzahl zu reproduzieren. Zum anderen sorgte die zunehmende Konkurrenz auf dem expandierenden Buchmarkt dafür, dass man einzig durch immer neue Zusatzinhalte Anreize für den Kauf schaffen konnte, schließlich ähnelte sich das Vokabular des Lexikonteils (goishū) in vielen Fällen sehr.
Seinen endgültigen Siegeszug als eine Art Haushaltsenzyklopädie trat das Wörterbuch-Genre der setsuyōshū dann mit Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts an. Aufgrund der zahlreichen Illustrationen, die nun auch immer stärker die Lust der KäuferInnen nach optischen Extravaganzen stillen sollten, und neuer Inhalte wie Gedichtsammlungen, Menüzusammenstellungen, Briefvorlagen, Biografien historischer Persönlichkeiten, Anweisungen in verschiedensten Künsten, Verzeichnisse berühmter Orte und Tempel, Anleitungen zur Horoskoperstellung, Shōgi- und Go-Problemen stand das setsuyōshū schließlich in direkter Konkurrenz zu anderer populärer Gebrauchs- (jitsuyōsho 実用書) und Bildungsliteratur (kyōyōsho 教養書) wie Alltagsratgebern (chōhōki Lit.: “records of useful things”. This genre of encyclopedias for everyday use became very popular during the Edo-period (1603–1868). The most well-known works—both written by Namura Jōhaku 苗村常伯 (1674–1748)—are: “Records of Useful Things for Women” (Onna chōhōki 女重宝記), published in Genroku 5 (1692) in 5 volumes, and “Records of Useful Things for Men” (Nan chōhōki 男重宝記), published in Genroku 6 (1693), also in 5 volumes. These two chōhōki contain inter alia rules of etiquette, instructions for moral education, composing poetry, practicing tea (sadō 茶道) or incense ceremonies (kōdō 香道), etc. More often than not, texts from a chōhōki are reused as an appendix (furoku) in a setsuyōshū. Appendices with very different kinds of texts or images, added as supplementary information to the vocabulary. Appendices are placed before (kanshu furoku 巻首付録 / kantō furoku 巻頭付録) or after (kanbi furoku 巻尾付録 / kanmatsu furoku 巻末付録) the vocabulary, sometimes even above the vocabulary in an additional header (kashiragaki furoku 頭書付録). Lit.: “books for correspondence”. This genre of letter writing guides emerged at the end of the Heian-period (794–1185) and enjoyed great popularity up until the first decades of the Meiji-period (1868–1912). Books for correspondence contain sample letters for various occasions and festivities. The sample letters also pay attention to possible differences in the social position of the letter’s sender and receiver by giving alternative expressions or phrases to be used in each case.
Der Schriftypus des Genres
Bei einem Wörterbuch, das sich die Ermittlung der korrekten Schreibweise einzelner Kanji sowie komplexer Komposita zum Ziel gesetzt hat, bildet die Wahl des Schrifttypus ein wichtiges Gestaltungselement. Dies trifft auch auf das Genre der setsuyōshū Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria.
Die sogenannten „Altausgaben“ (kohon setsuyōshū Handwritten setsuyōshū from the 15th and 16th century. The term has been used to distinguish manually copied setsuyōshū from printed setsuyōshū since the 17th century. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Standard style writing of Chinese characters; sometimes also called regular style. Cursive style writing of Chinese characters; sometimes also called semi-cursive style. Oldest extant setsuyōshū from Bunmei 6 (1474). The original title is: “The Book of Mixed Word Groups” (Zatsu jiruisho 雑字類書). The vocabulary of this handwritten manuscript is organized in 44 rubrics (bu) and 16 topics (mon). It is the oldest manuscript of the so-called isebon tradition. The editor is unknown. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria. One of the three tradition lines of the setsuyōshū genre. As a characteristic, the vocabulary starts with the lemma Ise 伊勢 (location in today’s Mie Prefecture). “Extracts of Word Groups According to the Iroha”, written by Tachibana Tadakane 橘忠兼 (dates unknown) in the 12th century. This dictionary is organized in 47 rubrics (bu) and 21 topics (mon). It is considered a precursor of the first setsuyōshū (15th century). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria.
Spürbare Impulse in Bezug auf die Gestaltung des Lexikonteils der setsuyōshū sind infolge der flächendeckenden Verbreitung des Holzblockdrucks auszumachen. So ging man dazu über, entsprechend des verwendeten rechteckigen Druckstocks eine Normierung der Seiten vorzunehmen, die sich vor allem in gleichmäßig verteilten Spalten – häufig waren es sechs bis acht – bemerkbar machte. Wesentlich bedeutsamer war jedoch der Vorstoß, die einzeilige Struktur der Einträge in Standardschrift durch eine zweizeilige Struktur aus Standard- und Konzeptschrift (sōsho Running style writing of Chinese characters, sometimes also called grass hand.
Der erste nachweisbare Druck, der jenes Konzept verfolgte, stammt aus dem Jahr Kan’ei 15 (1638) und trägt den Titel „Sammlung zum zeitsparenden Gebrauch in zweizeiliger Struktur aus Standard- und Konzeptschrift“ (Shinsō nigyō setsuyōshū 真草二行節用集). Im Gegensatz zu späteren Werken, die in der Gestaltung des Lexikonteils auf die zweizeilige Struktur – fortan als shinsō nigyō Parallel notation of the running style writing (sōsho) and standard style writing (kaisho) of a lemma in two vertical columns. Running style writing of Chinese characters, sometimes also called grass hand. Standard style writing of Chinese characters; sometimes also called regular style.
Ähnlich wie in Bezug auf andere Aspekte des Genres können auch hinsichtlich des Schrifttypus und sonstiger Gestaltungsmittel des Lexikonteils keine pauschalen Aussagen getroffen werden. So gab es durchaus auch in den Folgejahren noch Werke, die wie die „Zeitsparende Sammlung gleicher Wortgruppen“ (Gōrui setsuyōshū “Timesaving Collection Arranged in Groups of Similar Words”, published in Enpō 8 (1680). This is the first setsuyōshū that organizes the lemmas on a first level according to semantic criteria in topics (mon), and then on a second level according to phonological criteria in rubrics (bu). In fact, only a dozen setsuyōshū used the same kind of lemma classification; they are usually referred to as gōrui setsuyōshū. Dictionary genre that emerged at the end of the 15th century. A setsuyōshū is used for looking up the correct writing of Japanese and Sino-Japanese vocabulary in Chinese characters. The lemmas are classified according to phonetical criteria (see bu) and semantical criteria (see mon). Topic for classifying lemmas in vocabulary according to semantical criteria.